介于这次会议的主题是如何达到PSY35，所以我想先请问大家两个问题，什么是PSY？为什么这个测定标准对我们来说是重要的。我们使用PSY作为“每头母猪每年所出生的断奶仔猪数”的缩写。虽然每一个猪群在记录方案上的计算方式都略有不同，但其应严格定义为在12个月期间断奶仔猪的总数除以同一时期猪群内母猪的平均数量。
虽然PSY对于断奶仔猪的质量评定没有任何意义（这显然也很重要），但它却是判断猪群养殖生产力的一个主要标准。以下每一窝的断奶仔猪数和每头母猪每一年产的窝数的算法：
PSY = 每头母猪每年产的窝数 X 每一窝的断奶仔猪数。当然还有许多其他生产力评定手段来为每头母猪每年的断奶仔猪数提供数据，如分娩率，仔猪数量，死胎率和仔猪死亡率等等。然而，PSY 还是被用作为猪群之间乃至与国家之间的最主要的猪群繁殖能力的基准。
为什么PSY重要？最重要的原因是，不管产量如何，猪群繁殖都是在固定成本下的非常有效的生产单位。一些更高绩效的农场也许会使用更多的母猪饲料或者稍高一些的劳动力成本，但其实大部分成本都是固定的。因此，当输出（PSY）上升时，每单位成本（断奶仔猪）就会下降。这意味着，要保持竞争力，无论是在中国，美国还是欧洲，生产者必须不懈地追求更高的PSY。这在输入成本高的情况下尤其重要，例如在丹麦和英国。
为了与向中国出口猪肉的其他国家进行竞争，中国生产者也必须在产业经历大规模转型的同时走上更高的猪群养殖生产力的道路。 2015年，欧盟向中国出售了110万吨猪肉产品，其中丹麦为244,077吨。同年，美国出售203,821吨，而2016年加拿大出口313,915吨。虽然欧盟国家的生产成本不低，但是生产效率却很高。美国，特别是加拿大，与其他许多国家相比，除了有较高的生产成本之外，生产效率也明显比较高。中国必须努力在自己的市场上与他国竞争，提高PSY就是降低成本的一个重要途径。
其他国家都实现了哪些成就？毫无疑问，丹麦是全世界范围内猪群繁殖产量最高的国家，其平均表现已经非常接近 PSY 30，而前25％的生产者达到接近 PSY32. 美国的平均水平据报为PSY23.4 ，其中前25％的生产者达到 PSY28。加拿大没有关于PSY的国家统计数字。与许多其他国家一样。国家统计数字通常是从大型猪群统计报告中得到的，并以此来代表行业能力对外公布，所以可能是非常不准确的。然而，与其他竞争对手进行比较对我们来说仍然是非常重要的。
总之，PSY是猪群养殖生产力的其中一个最重要的衡量标准，而在2017年， PSY35是世界各地生产者所追求的基准。本次研讨会将会与大家一起将研究帮助猪场有能力达到此基准的各种因素，包括遗传学，营养学，健康与管理学。来自世界各地的演讲者将会通过他（她）们的演讲来阐述每一种因素对PSY产生的影响，并对有助于提高猪群养殖。
英文全文
As the theme of this conference is how to achieve 35 psy, it is pertinent to ask what we mean by psy and why this performance measure is important. We use psy as an abbreviation for “Pigs weaned per sow per year”. Although different herd recording programs calculate it in slightly different ways, it should strictly be defined as the total number of pigs weaned in a 12-month period divided by the average number of productive sows in the herd over the same period.
Even though psy indicates nothing about the quality of pigs weaned, which is obviously also important, it is used as the primary measure of breeding herd productivity. It is a function of the number of pigs weaned/litter and the number of litters weaned/sow/year:
PSY = litters/sow/year x pigs weaned/litter
There are many other measures of productivity that contribute to the number of pigs weaned per sow per year, such as farrowing rate, litter size, stillbirth rate and piglet mortality. However, it is psy that is used as the key breeding herd benchmark to compare between herds and between countries.
Why is psy important? The most important reason is that the breeding herd is effectively a production unit with fixed costs, irrespective of output. It may be true that higher performing farms use a little more sow feed or have a slightly higher labour cost, but essentially most of the costs are fixed. Therefore as the output (psy) goes up, the cost per unit (weaned pig) goes down. This means, that to remain competitive, producers, whether in China, the USA or Europe, must relentlessly pursue the goal of higher psy. This is especially important where input costs are high, such as in Denmark and the UK.
In order to compete with the countries that export pork to China, Chinese producers must also follow the path to higher breeding herd productivity at the same time as the industry undergoes massive transformation. In 2015, the EU sold 1.1 million tonnes of pork products to China, with Denmark accounting for 244,077 tonnes of that total. In the same year, the USA sold 203,821 tonnes and in 2016 Canada exported 313, 915 tonnes. While EU countries are not low cost producers, they are highly efficient. The USA, and in particular Canada, do have low costs of production compared to many other countries in addition to having efficient production. China must work hard to compete in its own market and increasing psy is an important way of reducing costs.
What do other countries achieve? There is no doubt that Denmark has the highest breeding herd output of any country in the world, with the average performance being now very close to 30 pigs weaned/sow and the top 25% of producers achieving nearly 32. The average psy in the USA is reported as being 23.4, with the top 25% producers achieving 28 psy. There are no national statistics on psy for Canada, in common with many other countries. National figures are often taken from large herd recording programs and extrapolated to represent the industry, so can be notoriously inaccurate. Nevertheless, it is still important to make the comparison with other competitors.
In conclusion, psy is the single most important measure of breeding herd productivity and, in 2017, 35 psy is the benchmark to which producers around the world aspire. This conference will examine the many factors that influence a producer’s ability to reach this target including genetics, nutrition, health and management. Speakers from around the world will describe how each of these components influences psy and explain the key factors which contribute to high breeding herd productivity.
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